Implementation Research:

Translating the ABCS into HIV Care

Get Ready and Empowered About Treatment

(GREAT 2)

Use of highly effective, often single pill HIV antiretroviral therapy has dramatically reduced deaths from AIDS-related causes yielding an aging population among people living with HIV (PLH) who increasingly experience cardiovascular (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Age and sex-adjusted deaths from CVD are appreciably higher among PLH than among the general population. This growing CVD risk among PLH can be substantively reduced through use of established interventions, commonly referred to as ABCS, i.e. appropriate use of aspirin, blood pressure control, cholesterol reduction, and smoking cessation, in addition to lifestyle, i.e. diet, physical activity, and safe drinking. Each of these interventions is underused among PLH. There is a fundamental gap in scientific knowledge regarding which strategies will promote shared decision-making regarding ABCS between PLH and their clinicians. Addressing this gap is vital to reducing the growing CVD burden among PLH.

The overall goal of this project is to develop and rigorously test implementation strategies to address this gap in scientific knowledge. We will test the following patient-, clinician-, and practice-level strategies: patient/activation training and texting support, clinician-targeted academic detailing and audit and feedback, and practice-based engagement in a stepped wedge randomized controlled trial (RCT) in 600 PLH across 9 practices in Rochester, NY, New York City and Dallas, Texas. We hypothesize that use of evidence-based, multilevel implementation strategies will improve discussion and uptake of the ABCS among PLH.

Intervention Components

Each enrolled clinician will participate in the designated intervention activities over the course of eight months (which is the standard intervention duration for each wedge):

Two Academic Detailing (AD) Sessions
Four Online CME Modules
Two Audit Feedback Reports

Academic Detailing (AD) Sessions

1: ASPIRIN

Aspirin for ASCVD Prevention

Individualizing risks and shared decision making are essential when considering aspirin for ASCVD prevention. While the literature suggests people living with HIV may be at increased risk of ASCVD, evidence regarding aspirin for primary or secondary prevention in this population is limited. Therefore data from the general population must be used to guide best practice recommendations.

Key Message 1

Aspirin is recommended for secondary prevention of ASCVD.

Key Message 2

Evidence for aspirin supporting primary ASCVD prevention is comparatively weak. Individual 10-year risk of ASCVD should be carefully considered alongside potential for aspirin-related bleeds before recommending aspirin for primary prevention.

Key Message 3

The online risk calculator (and app) is available to estimate an individualized risks and benefits of aspirin for primary prevention.

Aspirin for ASCVD Prevention Management Algorithm

Clinical ASCVD (ACS, MI, unstable angina, revascularization, stroke, TIA, PAD, AAA)

YES

Start Aspirin
Unless major contraindication
Consider PPI for GI prophylaxis

Prior intracranial bleed or serious GI bleed, severe aspirin allergy, severe CKD or liver disease?

Avoid Aspirin

10 year ASCVD risk ≥10%

10 year ASCVD risk 5 - < 10%

Assess age, sex, and use Aspirin Guide to calculate NNT* and NNH*

	Men 50 – 69 years	Women 50 -69 years
*NNT≥NNH*** (benefit≥harm)	Start Aspirin	Start Aspirin
NNT≤NNH (benefit≤harm)	Avoid Aspirin	Avoid Aspirin

Assess age, sex, and use Aspirin Guide to calculate NNT* and NNH*

	Men <50 Women <65	Men ≥50 Women ≥65
NNT≥NNH (benefit≥harm)	Avoid Aspirin	Consider Aspirin
NNT≤NNH (benefit≤harm)	Avoid Aspirin	Avoid Aspirin

Increased Bleed Risk

Older age
Male gender
Smoker
Diabetes
History of bleeding
Hypertension
Peptic ulcer disease
Use of NSAIDs or anticoagulants

Adapted from http://www.aspiringuide.com *NNT = number needed to treat; NNH = number needed to harm

2: BLOOD PRESSURE

Blood Pressure Management

HIV and antiretroviral medications increase potential for hypertension and CV events. Optimal blood pressure control while minimizing potential for drug interactions is an essential component of HIV care.

Key Message 1

Stage I hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 130 – 139 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80 – 89 mmHg. For patients with stage I hypertension and a 10-year ASCVD risk, 3 – 6 months of lifestyle management should be attempted prior to starting pharmacotherapy. For those with a 10-year risk ≥10%, CVD, diabetes, or renal dysfunction, one antihypertensive agent should be initiated.

Key Message 2

Stage II hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg. Two antihypertensive agents from different classes should be initiated in patients with stage II hypertension along with lifestyle changes.

Key Message 3

The pooled cohort calculator may underestimate ASCVD risk among PLH; true risk may be 50 – 100% higher than that estimated by the calculator. Therefore pharmacologic treatment may be appropriate for PLH with stage I HTN and a 10-year risk <10%.

Key Message 4

ACE-Inhibitors, ARBs, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, and thiazide/thiazide like diuretics are considered first line therapies. Blood pressure should be assessed monthly after initiation and the regimen should be adjusted as needed to achieve a goal blood pressure of <130/80 mmHg.

BP Category	Systolic BP		Diastolic BP	Treatment & Follow Up
Normal	<120 mmHg	and	<80 mmHg	Encourage healthy lifestyle to maintain BP Yearly follow up
Elevated	120 – 129 mmHg	and	<80 mmHg	Recommend lifestyle changes Reassess in 3 – 6 months
Hypertension – Stage I	130 – 139 mmHg	or	80 – 89 mmHg	Assess 10-year risk using ASCVD calculator Risk <10% Recommend lifestyle changes Reassess in 3 – 6 months Risk >10% OR CVD, DM, or CKD Lifestyle changes and start 1 medication - reassess in 1 month If goal met after 1 month: reassess in 3 – 6 months If goal not met after 1 month: assess adherence, increase dose, and/or switch medication, and continue monthly follow up until goal is met
Hypertension – Stage II	≥140 mmHg	or	≥90 mmHg	Lifestyle changes and start 2 medications from different classes – reassess in 1 month If goal met after 1 month: reassess in 3 – 6 months If goal not met after 1 month: assess adherence, increase dose, and/or switch medication, and continue monthly follow up until goal is met

Expect 1 mmHg reduction for every 1 kg lost!

Reduction in SBP by Lifestyle Change

Aerobic exercise (150 min/week): -5 to -8 mmHg
Resistance training (150 mg/week): -4 mmHg
Isometric hand grips (4 x 2 min, 3 times weekly for 8 – 10 weeks): -5 mmHg
Alcohol intake (≤2 drinks/day for men and ≤1 drink/day for women): -4mmHg

Pharmacotherapy for Hypertension

First Line Therapies
Thiazide & Thiazide-Like Diuretics Chlorthalidone Hydrochlorothiazide Indapamide Metolazone	Thiazides and CCBs are preferred first line for African Americans patients. Minimally effective with GFR <30 ml/min. Higher doses produce more fluid loss but have minimal added benefit on BP. Metabolic effects are dose related, sexual dysfunction is not. Monitor: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia. In older adults, risk may be greater with chlorthalidone than HCTZ . Gout: caution in patients who are not receiving uric acid lowering therapies. Diabetes: may increase BGs 5 – 10 points, particularly if used with a beta blocker. Chlorthalidone and indapamide preferred for long half-life and reduction of CV events.
ACE Inhibitors	Dry Cough: incidence 5 – 20%. Develops within first 6 months of therapy. Will resolve within 4 days if drug is held and reoccur if the same or another ACE-I is initiated. Angioedema: can develop at any time however 50% of cases occur within first week of therapy. More common in African Americans. Monitor: hyperkalemia and renal function. Up to 30% increase in creatinine is generally acceptable.
ARBs	Patients with a history of ACE inhibitor angioedema can receive an ARB 6 weeks after ACE is discontinued. Monitor: hyperkalemia and renal function. Up to 30% increase in creatinine is generally acceptable.
CCBs: Dihydropyridines Amlodipine Felodipine Nifedipine LA Nicardipine SR	Thiazides and CCBs are preferred first line for African Americans patients. Vasodilators with minimal effect on contractility. Caution in HF with reduced EF. If necessary, use amlodipine or felodipine. Edema can be mitigated by reducing dose and/or adding ACE/ARB. CCB edema is due to fluid shifts as opposed to fluid retention and therefore tends not to improve with diuretics. May cause gingival overgrowth/hyperplasia. Most reported with nifedipine, but occurs with other CCBs. Discontinuation is the most effective management.

Target BP is now <130/80 mmHg.

Weak recommendation for patient who have a SBP <140 and have an ASCVD <10%.
For frail patients or those with limited life expectancy, clinical judgement & patient preference may determine intensity of BP goals.

Consider poor adherence as the first reason blood pressure is not controlled.

25% of patients do not fill the initial prescription they are given.
Only 1 in 5 patients follow treatment recommendations sufficiently to achieve benefits seen in clinical trials.
Call the pharmacy to verify dates medications were picked up. It is critical to identify why a patient is non-adherent.

Second Line Therapies
Aldosterone Antagonists Spironolactone Eplerenone	Side effects are dose related. Gynecomastia and impotence less common with eplerenone. Eplerenone often requires twice daily dosing for adequate BP control. Monitor: potassium. Risk is greater in CKD and with use of other drugs known to cause hyperkalemia.
Beta Blockers Selective: Metoprolol, Bisoprolol, Atenolol Non-Selective: Propranolol β & α1 Activity: Carvedilol, Labetalol	No longer considered first line for HTN in the absence of another indication. Carvedilol and labetalol have stronger effect on BP. Atenolol require renal dose adjustment if CrCl< 35 ml/min. Avoid abrupt discontinuation. To taper: reduce daily dose by 50% x 1 week then every other day x 1 week. If used with clonidine: withdraw beta blocker before withdrawing clonidine. Interactions with amiodarone, verapamil, diltiazem, digoxin, and Epi-Pens are clinically significant.
CCBs: Non-Dihydropyridines Verapamil Diltiazem	Less potent vasodilators with negative inotropic effects. Drug interactions can be clinically significant. Risk of bradycardia and heart block if used with beta blockers. Avoid in HF with reduced EF.
Third Line Therapies
Alpha-1 Blockers Doxazosin Terazosin	Consider as third line for patients with BPH. Appear on Beer’s Criteria due to potential for orthostatic hypotension. To reduce risk, initiate at low dose, titrate slowly, and administer at bedtime. Avoid in HF. ALLHAT trial showed 25% increased risk of HF relative to chlorthalidone.
Central Alpha Agonists Clonidine Methyldopa	May be poorly tolerated. Hypotension, dry mouth, somnolence, and topical reactions to patch are common (>30% incidence). Clonidine: abrupt discontinuation can cause rebound hypertension. To taper: reduce dose by 50% every 3 days, resume previous dose if withdrawal symptoms develop. Withdrawal risk greatest with IR tablets. If discontinuation clonidine and a beta blocker, withdraw beta blocker several days prior to withdrawing clonidine.
Vasodilators Hydralazine	Multiple daily doses may be a barrier to adherence. Tachycardia is common and often resolves when used with a beta blocker. Edema is dose related. High doses (>200 – 400 mg/day) have been associated with drug induced lupus.

Use of Antihypertensive & Antiretrovirals

Concomitant Drug Class/Name		Effect on HIV Drug and/or Class	Dosing Recommendations & Considerations
Interactions with Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs)
Beta Blockers	Bictegravir Dolutegravir Raltegravir	None	No adjustments necessary.
Beta Blockers	Elvitegravir/ Cobicistat	↑ beta blocker concentrations	Beta blocker dose may need to be decreased. Potential for interaction may be minimized by using atenolol, labetalol, nadolol, or sotolal.
Calcium Channel Blockers	Bictegravir	diltiazem may ↑ bictegravir	No adjustments necessary.
	Dolutegravir Raltegravir	None	No adjustments necessary.
	Elvitegravir/ Cobicistat	↑ calcium channel blocker concentrations	Co-administer with caution. Slowly titrate calcium channel blocker dose and monitor for side effects and toxicities.
Interactions with Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers	Efavirenz Etravirine Nevirapine	↓ calcium channel blocker concentrations	Titrate calcium channel blocker based on clinical response.
Diltiazem, Verapamil	Efavirenz	Diltiazem: ↓ AUC by 60% Verapamil: ↓ concentrations possible	Titrate diltiazem of verapamil based on clinical response.
Interactions with Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
Beta Blockers	All protease inhibitors	↑ beta blocker concentrations	Beta blocker dose may need to be decreased. Potential for interaction may be minimized by using atenolol, labetalol, nadolol, or sotolal.

3: CHOLESTEROL

Cholesterol Management

Cholesterol management is an important part of reducing CVD risk among persons living with HIV. The ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guidelines were updated in 2018 to allow for more individualized treatment interventions, detailed risk assessment (including the introduction of risk-enhancing factors) and thresholds for starting non-statin agents (see Cholesterol Algorithm below) in those at the highest risk for ASCVD as follows.

Key Message 1

Patients with existing ASCVD, history of multiple major ASCVD events, or 1 major ASCVD event, and multiple high-risk conditions, should be prescribed statin therapy unless contraindicated for secondary prevention.

Key Message 2

Patients 40 to 75 years of age with severe hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL) or who have diabetes and an LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dL, should be started on statin therapy without further need for calculating 10-year ASCVD risk.

Key Message 3

Patients 40 to 75 years of age without clear indication for statin therapy (i.e., clinical ASCVD, very-high risk for ASCVD, severe hypercholesterolemia, or elevated LDL-C and diabetes) should be evaluated for primary ASCVD prevention using a risk scoring tool to help guide shared decision-making for management.

Drug-drug interactions between statins and antiretrovirals must be considered during prescribing.

Key Message 4

PLH who are/will be prescribed ARVs should have a careful evaluation for drug-drug interactions prior to the initiation of statin (or ARV) therapy.

ARV-Statin Drug-Drug Interactions

	ATV/c	ATV/r	DRV/c	DRV/r	LPV/r	DOR	EFV	ETV	NVP	RPV	MVC	BIC	DTG	EVG/c/	EVG/c/	RAL	FTC	F/TAF	TDF	ZDV
	ATV/c	ATV/r	DRV/c	DRV/r	LPV/r	DOR	EFV	ETV	NVP	RPV	MVC	F/TAF	DTG	F/TAF	F/TDF	RAL	3TC	F/TAF	TDF	ZDV
Statins
Atorvastatin	↑822%	↑	↑290%	↑	↑490%	↓2%	↓43%	↓37%	↓	↔	↔	↔	↔	↑	↑	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
Fluvastatin	↑	↑	↑	↑	↔	↔	↑	↑	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↑	↑	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
Lovastatin	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑	↔	↓	↓	↓	↔	↔	↔	↔	↑	↑	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
Pitavastatin	↑	↑	↑	↓26%	↓20%	↔	↓11%	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↑	↑	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
Pravastatin	↑	↑	↑	↑81%	↔	↔	↓44%	↓	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↑	↑	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
Rosuvastatin	↑242%	↑213%	↑93%	↑48%	↑107%	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↑38%	↑38%	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
Simvastatin	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑	↔	↓68%	↓	↓	↔	↔	↔	↔	↑	↑	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔

KEY	No clinically significant interaction expected	↑	Potential increased exposure of the statin
	These drugs should not be coadministered	↓	Potential decreased exposure of the statin
	Potential interaction which may require dose adjustment or close monitoring	↔	No significant effect
	Potential interaction of weak intensity. No a priori dose adjustment recommended

Adapted from https://liverpool-hiv-hep.s3.amazonaws.com/prescribing_resources/pdfs/000/000/031/original/TS_LipidLowering_2019_Feb.pdf?1550073409

Cholesterol Management Algorithm

Clinical ASCVD
ACS, MI, unstable angina, revascularization, stroke, TIA, PAD, AAA

YES

Secondary Prevention

Primary Prevention (age 40 -75)

Multiple major ASCVD events or 1 major ASCVD event + multiple high risk conditionsǂ

LDL
≥ 190 mg/dL

LDL 70 - 189 mg/dL

LDL
< 70
mg/dL

YES

Very high ASCVD risk

Stable ASCVD

YES

Diabetes

Assess 10-year ASCVD risk with the ASCVD Risk Estimator +

≥20%
High
Risk

7.5 - <20% Intermediate Risk

5 - 7.4% Borderline Risk

<5%
Low
Risk

Evaluate risk enhancersǂǂ and CAC score if uncertain

Evaluate risk enhancersǂǂ and patient preference

Treatment

Maximal tolerated statin

High or moderate intensity statin

Maximal tolerated statin

Moderate or high intensity statin

High intensity statin

Moderate intensity statin based on risk enhancers

Lifestyle changes

Assess lifetime
risk

Goals of Therapy

Goal LDL <70 mg/dL. If not met, add ezetimibe and then consider PCSK9 inhibitor

High intensity goal: LDL ↓ ≥50% Moderate intensity goal: LDL ↓30 – 49%

If LDL ≥100 mg/dL, consider ezetimibe and then PCSK9 inhibitor

High intensity goal: LDL ↓ ≥50% Moderate intensity goal: LDL ↓30 – 49%

Goal: LDL ↓ ≥50% from baseline

Goal: LDL ↓ 30 - 49% from baseline

High Risk Conditionsǂ

Age ≥65 years
Heart failure
Smoker
Diabetes
Prior CABG or PCI
Hypertension
Chronic kidney disease
LDL persistently ≥100 mg/dL
Heterozygous familial hyperlipidemia

Risk Enhancersǂǂ

Family history of early ASCVD
LDL persistently ≥160 mg/dL or TG ≥175 mg/dL
Chronic kidney disease
Metabolic syndrome
Inflammatory conditions (RA, psoriasis, HIV)
Ethnicity (South Asian)
Conditions in women that increase CV risk (e.g, menopause <40)

Adapted from Grundy S.M., et al. JACC. 2018 Nov 10. www.onlinejacc.org/guidelines/cholesterol

4: SMOKING

Smoking Cessation for ASCVD Prevention

One in three patients with HIV smokes and smoking accounts for about 60% of deaths among people living with HIV. Though the benefits of smoking cessation are clear, the literature suggests evidence-based treatment for smoking is underutilized, particularly among HIV patients.

Key Message 1

The 5 A’s is a quick and effective method to assess smoking cessation readiness and provide counseling.

Key Message 2

The 4 R’s is a useful method to prompt contemplation among smokers who are not yet ready to quit.

Key Message 3

Pharmacotherapy increases quit success rate. Combination nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, and bupropion are considered first line and selection should be guided by patient preference and comorbidities.

The 5 A’s for Smoking Cessation
ASK

Ask about current and prior tobacco use.
Prior smokers: Congratulate and counsel on triggers avoidance to prevent relapse.
Current smokers: Assess frequency of use, types of tobacco product(s) used, and prior quit attempts.

ADVISE

Advise current users to quit and provide clear, strong, and personalized suggestions to help ensure success.

ASSESS

Assess willingness to quit.
If patient is not ready, move to the 5 R’s.

ASSIST

Assist patients ready to quit in setting a quit date in ☆ near future (2 – 4 weeks). Encourage them to share date with friends/family and request support.
Offer pharmacotherapy.

ARRANGE

Schedule follow up 1 – 2 weeks after quit date. ☆
Remember relapses are common and the majority of those who relapse are ready to make another quit attempt within 30 days.

The 5 R’s for Patients Not Ready to Quit
RELEVANCE

Collaborate with patient to identify why quitting is personally relevant to them (i.e. comorbidities, cost, other life goals).

RISKS

Ask patient to explain their perceived risks of smoking.

REWARDS

Ask patient to identify benefits of quitting smoking.

ROADBLOCKS

Determine patient’s barriers to quitting. Remind patient that many tobacco users make repeat quit attempts before they are successful.

REPETITION

Repeat process at each visit

Health Changes After Quitting

In 20 min: HR and BP drop
In 12 hrs: CO level return to normal
In 2 weeks – 3 months: circulation & lung function improve
In 1 year: risk of CHD is reduced by half
In 5 years: stroke risk is the same as non-smokers

Smoking Cessation Agents	Common Adverse Effects	Interactions with Antiretrovirals	Other Considerations
Nicotine Replacement Therapy Short acting: Gum, lozenges, inhaler, nasal spray Long acting: Patch	Gum & lozenges: local irritation, GI upset Inhaler/nasal spray: irritation to eyes, nose, and throat Patch: local irritation, insomnia, vivid dreams	None expected	Gum: GI side effects tends to correlate with chewing intensity and are often worse with vigorous chewing. Patch: can remove prior to bed if needed because of insomnia but may take up to 3 hours to return to therapeutic levels once reapplied.
Varenicline (Chantix®)	GI upset Insomnia Vivid dreams	None expected	Concurrent use with nicotine replacement therapy offers no benefit and may increase adverse effects. Black Box Warning for neuropsychiatric effects removed in 2016 after literature showed no difference in incidence between varenicline and nicotine replacement therapy. Evidence regarding risk of CVD is mixed, but overall indicates little to no excess risk, particularly among patients without existing CVD. The FDA recommends considering risks versus benefit in patients with baseline CVD.
Bupropion (Zyban®, Wellbutrin®)	Insomnia Reduced seizure threshold (dose-dependent)	Ritonavir boosted PIs, efavirenz, or nevirapine may reduce bupropion concentrations. Elvitegravir/cobicistat may increase bupropion concentrations. Titrate bupropion dose based on clinical response.	Avoid in patients with a history of seizures. Use with caution in patients at risk for seizures or using other agents (including alcohol) which may lower seizure threshold. May be beneficial for patients with comorbid anxiety.

5: ASSESSING ASCVD RISK

Assessing ASCVD Risk

Use of an ASCVD risk calculator improves risk assessment beyond clinician estimates. In the absence of formal risk calculation, clinician’s estimates are inaccurate and tend to underestimate ASCVD risk. In practice, clinicians tend to emphasize one or two risk factors and fail to appreciate the impact of compounded risk. To avoid underutilization of primary prevention strategies consider the following.

Key Message 1

Assessing ASCVD risk among PLH is best done using handheld or online risk calculation using the ACC/AHA ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus.

Key Message 2

Clinicians should recognize that HIV infection enhances risk for ASCVD meaning that actual risk often exceeds that calculated based on traditional risk factors.

Key Message 3

Use the ACC/AHA ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus for shared decision making with patients regarding ASCVD risk reduction using the ABCS (Aspirin, Blood pressure control, Cholesterol management, and Smoking cessation) based on National Guidelines for each.

ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus

National Clinical Practice Guidelines for management of hypertension (2017) and cholesterol (2018) recommend use of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus Calculator to estimate a patient’s 10-year ASCVD risk.

ASCVD Primary Prevention Pearls

Adults age 40-75 years being evaluated for CV disease prevention should undergo 10-year ASCVD risk estimation and have a clinician-patient risk discussion before starting pharmacologic therapy.
Use of risk calculation improves risk assessment beyond clinician estimates and results in greater reduction in risk factors without clinical harm. Assess ASCVD risk at an initial visit with a patient to establish a reference point and forecast the impact of various interventions on patient risk and reassess after implementing ABCs.

Assess for other risk enhancing factors to help guide decisions about primary prevention interventions in select individuals. HIV infection is a “risk-enhancing” factor associated with increased risk of an ASCVD event, impacting the 10-year risk estimate. HIV often increases risk 50-100% beyond calculated risk.

Risk-Enhancing Factors
Family history of early ASCVD LDL persistently ≥160 mg/dL or TG ≥175 mg/dL Chronic kidney disease Metabolic syndrome Inflammatory conditions (RA, psoriasis, HIV) Ethnicity (South Asian) Conditions in women that increase CV risk (e.g, menopause <40)

Shared Decision-Making

Available from:
https://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/education/curriculum-tools/shareddecisionmaking/index.html

Click Here For Continuing Medical Education (CME) Credits

Resources and Tools

Inclusion Criteria

Patient

Age 40-75 years by 7/1/2018
HIV/AIDS diagnosis
Receipt of care within the participating practice
At ≥5% risk for CVD as calculated using the ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus
Current lipid values, i.e. within 15 months of enrollment
Own a texting capable cellphone
Proficient in English or Spanish and is willing to participate
Expects to remain in the study throughout the entire study period

Clinician

Physician, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant who provides direct HIV care within a participating practice and is willing to participate

Practice

Serve a cohort of at least 100 HIV patients, have an Electronic Health Record (EHR) and agree to collaborate on implementing feasible adaptations of these strategies

Exclusion Criteria

Patient

Current participation in other CVD trials
Plans to leave the practice within 12 months
Pregnant
Experienced a prior cardiac or vascular event such as myocardial infarction (MI) or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or have had a CVD procedure such as installation of a stent or angioplasty
Have peripheral vascular disease
Intermittent claudication or peripheral arterial disease
Lack capacity to consent

Clinician